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The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
Despite being the most successful theory of particle physics to date, the Standard Model is not perfect. [3] A large share of the published output of theoretical physicists consists of proposals for various forms of "Beyond the Standard Model" new physics proposals that would modify the Standard Model in ways subtle enough to be consistent with existing data, yet address its imperfections ...
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
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It is the current standard model of Big Bang cosmology, [1] as it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of: the existence and structure of the cosmic microwave background; the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies; the observed abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and lithium;
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry. MSSM is the minimal supersymmetrical model as it considers only "the [minimum] number of new particle states and new interactions consistent with "Reality". [ 1 ]
In addition to Standard Model particles, the theory includes twelve colored X bosons, responsible for proton decay. SU(5) is the simplest GUT. The smallest simple Lie group which contains the standard model , and upon which the first Grand Unified Theory was based, is
In theoretical particle physics, the non-commutative Standard Model (best known as Spectral Standard Model [1] [2]), is a model based on noncommutative geometry that unifies a modified form of general relativity with the Standard Model (extended with right-handed neutrinos).