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Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. [2] [3] Studies have identified variants in several genes that may contribute to weight gain and body fat distribution, although only in a few cases are genes the primary cause of obesity.
The extreme endpoint of this distribution are the so-called 'monogenic' obesities where most of the impact on body weight can be tied to a mutation in a single gene that runs in a single family. The classic example of such a genetic effect is the presence of mutations in the leptin gene.
Genetic correlations are scientifically useful because genetic correlations can be analyzed over time within an individual longitudinally [41] (e.g. intelligence is stable over a lifetime, due to the same genetic influences – childhood genetically correlates = with old age [42]), or across diagnoses, allowing discovery of whether different ...
USDA chart showing the increase in soda consumption and the decrease in milk consumption from 1947 to 2001 [6]. From 1971 to 2000, the average daily number of calories which women consumed in the United States increased by 335 calories per day (1542 calories in 1971 and 1877 calories in 2000).
Bioactive food components that influence epigenetic processes range from vitamins such as A, B6, and B12 to alcohol and elements such as arsenic, cadmium, and selenium. [3] Dietary methyl supplements such as extra folic acid and choline can also have adverse effects on epigenetic gene regulation. [1] [10]
Set point theory can be construed as implying weight regulation in a wide or tight range around the set point, in a symmetric or in an asymmetric manner (i.e. treating weight gain and loss either the same or differently), and may apply to regulation of body fat levels specifically (in a multi-compartment model) or to overall body weight. Set ...
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Learning which variations influence which specific traits and how strongly they do so, are the key targets for constructing polygenic scores in humans. The methods were first considered for humans after the year 2000, and specifically by a proposal in 2007 that such scores could be used in human genetics to identify individuals at high risk for ...