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The current constitution was ratified by popular referendum during the military junta of 1980-1983. Since its ratification in 1982, the current constitution has overseen many important events and changes in the Republic of Turkey, and it has been modified many times to keep up with global and regional geopolitical conjunctures.
After becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005. [5] [6] The Turkish Constitution is cumulatively built on the following principles: Kemalism (The Six Arrows ...
Turkey is also subdivided into 7 regions and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purposes; this does not refer to an administrative division. The largely centralized structure of decision-making in Ankara is often considered an impediment to good governance, [3] [4] [5] and causes resentment in particular in ethnic minority ...
According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a separation of powers. The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the President of Turkey (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and ...
The Constituent Assembly was composed of the National Security Council and the Advisory Assembly. Within two years, the new constitution was drafted and was presented to the referendum on 7 November 1982. Participation in the referendum was 91.27%. As a result, the 1982 Constitution was passed with 91.37% of the votes. [69]
Initially, it was titled the "Constitution of the Republic of Turkey" and is often referred to as the first Constitution of Turkey. [11] This Constitution was codified similarly to the 1921 Constitution and retained the fundamental principles found in the earlier Constitution; however, it was much more detailed and consisted 105 articles. [11]
A 1927 map of the provinces of Turkey which was published before the alphabet reform. Çatalca, now part of Istanbul Province; Gelibolu, now part of Çanakkale Province; İçel , now part of Mersin Province; Kozan, now part of Adana Province; Şebinkarahisar, now part of Giresun Province; Elazığ Madeni, now part of Elazığ Province
Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in the Korean War. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system. Turkey is an upper-middle-income and emerging country; its economy is the world's 17th-largest by nominal and 12th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP.