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  2. Extrachromosomal DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA

    Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. [5] The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as bacterial cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. [6] Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research into replication because it is easy to identify ...

  3. Gene mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_mapping

    There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) [7] and physical maps. [3] While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, [8] genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs.

  4. Extrachromosomal rDNA circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_rDNA_circle

    Circular extrachromosomal DNA are not only found in yeast but other eukaryotic organisms. [15] [16] A regulated formation of eccDNA in preblastua Xenopus embryos has been developed. The population of circular rDNA is decreased in embryos, indicative of the circular rDNA migrating to linear DNA, as was shown in their analysis on 2D gel ...

  5. Extrachromosomal circular DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_circular_DNA

    Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. [1] In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), eccDNA are circular DNA found in the eukaryotic nuclei of plant and animal ...

  6. MicroDNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroDNA

    CpG-islands characteristic in microDNA compared to a single C-G bp. [1] MicroDNA is the most abundant subtype of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA (eccDNA) in humans, typically ranging from 200-400 base pairs in length and enriched in non-repetitive genomic sequences with a high density of exons.

  7. Cell division - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division

    At the G1/S checkpoint, p53 acts to ensure that the cell is ready for DNA replication, while at the G2/M checkpoint p53 acts to ensure that the cells have properly duplicated their content before entering mitosis. [40] Specifically, when DNA damage is present, ATM and ATR kinases are activated, activating various checkpoint kinases. [41]

  8. Outline of cell biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology

    Plasmid – An extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of sexual replication, it is typically ring shaped and found in bacteria. Spindle fiber – The structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division. Stroma – The colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast.

  9. Models of DNA evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution

    Thus, it is convenient to express these models in terms of the instantaneous rates of change between different states (the Q matrices below). If we are given a starting (ancestral) state at one position, the model's Q matrix and a branch length expressing the expected number of changes to have occurred since the ancestor, then we can derive the ...