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  2. Compact Muon Solenoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid

    The CMS detector is built around a huge solenoid magnet. This takes the form of a cylindrical coil of superconducting cable that generates a magnetic field of 4 tesla, about 100 000 times that of the Earth. The magnetic field is confined by a steel 'yoke' that forms the bulk of the detector's weight at 12,500 t.

  3. Metal detector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector

    U.S. Army soldiers use a military standard metal detector. A metal detector is an instrument that detects the nearby presence of metal. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal objects on the surface, underground, and under water. A metal detector consists of a control box, an adjustable shaft [dubious – discuss], and a variable-shaped ...

  4. 2011 OPERA faster-than-light neutrino anomaly - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_OPERA_faster-than...

    This comparison indicated neutrinos had arrived at the detector 57.8 nanoseconds faster than if they had been traveling at the speed of light in vacuum. An alternative analysis in which each detected neutrino was checked against the waveform of its associated proton spill (instead of against the global probability density function) led to a ...

  5. Induction loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_loop

    A different sort of "induction loop" is applied to metal detectors, where a large coil, which forms part of a resonant circuit, is effectively "detuned" by the coil's proximity to a conductive object. The detected object may be metallic (metal and cable detection) or conductive/capacitive (stud/cavity detection). Other configurations of this ...

  6. Photon counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_counting

    Photon counting eliminates gain noise, where the proportionality constant between analog signal out and number of photons varies randomly. Thus, the excess noise factor of a photon-counting detector is unity, and the achievable signal-to-noise ratio for a fixed number of photons is generally higher than the same detector without photon counting.

  7. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_nanowire...

    As of 2023, a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector is the fastest single-photon detector (SPD) for photon counting. [8] [9] [10] It is a key enabling technology for quantum optics and optical quantum technologies. SNSPDs are available with very high detection efficiency, very low dark count rate and very low timing jitter, compared ...

  8. Associative substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_substitution

    The terminology is typically applied to organometallic and coordination complexes, but resembles the Sn2 mechanism in organic chemistry. The opposite pathway is dissociative substitution, being analogous to the Sn1 pathway. Intermediate pathways exist between the pure associative and pure dissociative pathways, these are called interchange ...

  9. Transition-edge sensor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition-edge_sensor

    Optical image of four tungsten transition-edge sensors for near-infrared single-photon detection. Image credit: NIST. A transition-edge sensor (TES) is a type of cryogenic energy sensor or cryogenic particle detector that exploits the strongly temperature-dependent resistance of the superconducting phase transition.

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