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Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, [1] [2] is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na + and hydroxide anions OH −. Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause severe ...
Considering the industrial production of hydrogen, and using current best processes for water electrolysis (PEM or alkaline electrolysis) which have an effective electrical efficiency of 70–80%, [68] [73] [74] producing 1 kg of hydrogen (which has a specific energy of 143 MJ/kg) requires 50–55 kW⋅h (180–200 MJ) of electricity.
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion ...
The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO • is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group –OH of atoms is the hydroxy group.
Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO 2, NaAl(OH) 4 , [3] Na 2 O·Al 2 O 3, or Na 2 Al 2 O 4. Commercial sodium aluminate is available as a ...
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula CH 3 (CH 2) 11 OSO 3 Na and structure H 3 C−(CH 2) 11 −O−S(=O) 2 −O − Na +. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This compound is the sodium salt of the 12 ...
Hereafter, an example for calcium sulfate (gypsum, anhydrite) precipitation releasing sodium hydroxide: Na 2 SO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 → CaSO 4 + 2 NaOH. or, the reaction of sodium carbonate with portlandite, also important for the catalysis of the alkali–carbonate reaction as emphasized by Fournier and Bérubé (2000) and Bérubé et al. (2005): [17 ...
The IMO regulation is mostly used and sets salt levels to a maximum of 50 mg/m 2 soluble salts measured as sodium chloride. These measurements are done by means of a Bresle test . Salinization (increasing salinity, aka freshwater salinization syndrome ) and subsequent increased metal leaching is an ongoing problem throughout North America and ...