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A red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, causing water to move into the cell A red blood cell in a hypertonic solution, causing water to move out of the cell. Hemolysis or haemolysis (/ h iː ˈ m ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s /), [1] also known by several other names, is the rupturing of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma).
Erythrocyte fragility refers to the propensity of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC) to hemolyse (rupture) under stress. It can be thought of as the degree or proportion of hemolysis that occurs when a sample of red blood cells are subjected to stress (typically physical stress, and most commonly osmotic and/or mechanical stress).
As a result, the contents of the red blood cell are released into the general circulation, leading to hemoglobinemia [31] and increasing the risk of ensuing hyperbilirubinemia. [32] Intravascular hemolysis may occur when red blood cells are targeted by autoantibodies, leading to complement fixation, or by damage by parasites such as Babesia. [33]
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder which occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst , leading to an insufficient number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in circulation . The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced from the normal 100–120 days to just a few days in ...
Disseminated intravascular hemolysis [2] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [2] Typical and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome [2] Other microvascular abnormalities; Hypersplenism [2] Hemolytic anemia due to toxic effects on the membrane Spur cell anemia; External toxins Animal or spider bites [2] Metals; Organic compounds [2] Infectious agents
The sucrose hemolysis test was developed in the 1960s. [2] Hartmann and Jenkins first described the test in 1966. [3] [4] The test was devised as a superior screen for PNH compared to the Ham's acid hemolysis test (HT) that was developed in the 1930s. [2] For decades, these two tests were the primary methods of diagnosing PNH. [2]
The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to the surface of red blood cells. To perform the test, a blood sample is taken and the red blood cells are washed (removing the patient's plasma and unbound antibodies from the red blood cells) and then incubated with anti-human globulin ("Coombs reagent").
Beta-hemolysis (β-hemolysis), sometimes called complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and under the colonies: the area appears lightened (yellow) and transparent. [1] Streptolysin, an exotoxin, is the enzyme produced by the bacteria which causes the complete lysis of red blood cells. There are two types of ...