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Most densifiers can react within 1-2 hours with concrete surface, however the chemical reaction with the calcium and free lime in the concrete will continue for up to 2 months after the application of it to the surface of the concrete. Densifiers may use various carrying agents to accomplish the hardening process, potassium, sodium, lithium, or ...
Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more.
A cement accelerator is an admixture for the use in concrete, mortar, rendering or screeds. The addition of an accelerator speeds the setting time and thus cure time starts earlier. [ 1 ] This allows concrete to be placed in winter with reduced risk of frost damage. [ 2 ]
Contrary to the primary ettringite initially formed when concrete is still in the plastic state before hardening, the DEF reaction occurring in hardened concrete can be very harmful for concrete structures and components, potentially compromising their structural integrity and stability. Ultimately, DEF can cause the ruin of concrete structures.
Higher-strength concrete is often used for larger civil projects. [106] Strengths above 40 MPa (5,800 psi) are often used for specific building elements. For example, the lower floor columns of high-rise concrete buildings may use concrete of 80 MPa (11,600 psi) or more, to keep the size of the columns small.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. [1]
Concrete creep is essentially the sagging of concrete over time. Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties of concrete.The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers.
The calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) (hydrates of alite and belite minerals) represent the main "glue" components of the concrete. After initial setting the concrete continues to harden and to develop its mechanical strength. The first 28 days are the most critical for the hardening. The concrete does not dry but one says that it sets and hardens.
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