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Carotid ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique to evaluate structural details of the carotid arteries. Carotid ultrasound is used to diagnose carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and can assess atherosclerotic plaque morphology and characteristics. [1] Carotid duplex and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most ...
Duplex is an inexpensive, non-invasive way to determine pathology. It is used in for example: Carotid ultrasonography; Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis; Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs; Duplex evaluation is usually done prior to any invasive testing or surgical procedure. [8]
Ultrasound measurements of carotid IMT were first proposed and validated in vitro by Paolo Pignoli in 1984 [2] and further details were subsequently published in a highly cited article. [3] The use of IMT as a non-invasive tool to track changes in arterial walls has increased substantially since the mid-1990s. [1]
Typically duplex ultrasound scan is the only investigation required for decision making in carotid stenosis as it is widely available and rapidly performed. However, further imaging can be required if the stenosis is not near the bifurcation of the carotid artery.
However, in the event that both of these routes of investigation yield normal findings or an inadequate explanation, non-invasive duplex ultrasound studies are recommended to identify carotid artery disease. Most episodes of amaurosis fugax are the result of stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery. [41]
The machine used is called an ultrasound machine, a sonograph or an echograph. The visual image formed using this technique is called an ultrasonogram, a sonogram or an echogram. Ultrasound of carotid artery. Ultrasound is composed of sound waves with frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz, which is the approximate upper threshold of human hearing. [1]
Incidental thyroid masses may be found in 9% of patients undergoing bilateral carotid duplex ultrasonography. [ 12 ] Some experts [ 13 ] recommend that nodules > 1 cm (unless the TSH is suppressed) or those with ultrasonographic features of malignancy should be biopsied by fine needle aspiration .
Left external carotid artery with normal spectral doppler ultrasound. The condition and health of the external carotid arteries is usually evaluated using Doppler ultrasound, CT angiogram or phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI). Typically, blood flow velocities in the external carotid artery are measured as peak systolic velocity ...