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Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts, as part of their lifecycles; this occurs in 84 of the 350 described freshwater species and a little more than 10% of the known marine species. [9] [10] Dinoflagellates are alveolates possessing two flagella, the ancestral condition of bikonts.
Dinoflagellate cysts described in the literature have been linked to a particular motile stage through morphological similarities and/or co-occurrence in the same population/culture or through the technique of establishing the so-called cyst-theca relation by incubation of the cysts.
Polarella is a thecate dinoflagellate, wherein the cell has an outer covering of cellulose plates, which are arranged in nine latitudinal series. [1] The general morphology of Polarella is similar to that of a typical dinoflagellate. and Polarella has a zygotic life history, [ 5 ] wherein it alternates between a motile vegetative phase and a ...
Dinokaryota is a main grouping of dinoflagellates.They include all species where the nucleus remains a dinokaryon throughout the entire cell cycle, which is typically dominated by the haploid stage.
Alexandrium is an opportunistic dinoflagellate and thus it can bloom in nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor areas. For most species, in order for the bloom to be positively regulated it must be in a water body with high surface water temperatures, maximum water column stability, low nutrients, and low winds.
Oda, in 1935, was the first to name any species in what is now the genus Karenia: [3] Gymnodinium mikimotoi but was later renamed Karenia mikimotoi. [1] Davis in 1948 was the first to document that the cause of the fish kills was the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, [4] which was renamed Ptychodiscus brevis and since 2001 is now known as ...
This story contains spoilers for Episode 3 of HBO’s “The Last of Us” and corresponding moments from the 2013 videogame. The third episode of “The Last of Us” takes viewers back to the ...
Coolia is a marine dinoflagellate genus in the family Ostreopsidaceae.It was first described by Meunier in 1919. [1] There are currently seven identified species distributed globally in tropical and temperate coastal waters. [2]