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In a packet switched network, burst switching is a capability in which each network switch extracts routing instructions from an incoming packet header to establish and maintain the appropriate switch connection for the duration of the packet, following which the connection is automatically released.
Bufferbloat is the undesirable latency that comes from a router or other network equipment buffering too many data packets.Bufferbloat can also cause packet delay variation (also known as jitter), as well as reduce the overall network throughput.
On May 12, 2009, the Language Industry Association of Canada, AILIA launched the latest standards certification program in the world. [4] The certification is based on CAN/CGSB-131.10-2008 , Translation Services, a national standard developed by the Canadian General Standards Board and approved by the Standards Council of Canada.
In Mexico, certified translation is known as a translation that is sealed and signed by a government-authorized expert translator (Perito traductor autorizado), these expert translators are commonly authorized by each state's Court of Justice, [9] or by the Federal Judicial Council, [10] but local government offices can also give out such ...
CompuServe developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating ATM, Frame Relay, IP and X.25 technologies.
An overwhelmed network node can send a pause frame, which halts the transmission of the sender for a specified period of time. A media access control (MAC) frame (EtherType 0x8808) is used to carry the pause command, with the Control opcode set to 0x0001 (hexadecimal). [1] Only stations configured for full-duplex operation may send pause frames.
NAATI certification for interpreters is awarded in both directions. Occasionally, NAATI has awarded a credential in a language combination that does not feature English at the Conference Interpreter or Advanced Translator level e.g. Advanced Translator French to German or Conference Interpreter (Senior) French to/from Russian.
Head-of-line blocking can occur in reliable byte streams: if packets are reordered or lost and need to be retransmitted (and thus arrive out-of-order), data from sequentially later parts of the stream may be received before sequentially earlier parts of the stream; however, the later data cannot typically be used until the earlier data has been ...