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A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a tube which is pinched in the middle, with a rapid convergence and gradual divergence. It is used to accelerate a compressible fluid to supersonic speeds in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the thermal energy of the flow into kinetic energy .
Figure 1: A de Laval nozzle, showing approximate flow velocity increasing from green to red in the direction of flow Density flow in a nozzle. A rocket engine nozzle is a propelling nozzle (usually of the de Laval type) used in a rocket engine to expand and accelerate combustion products to high supersonic velocities.
de Laval nozzles are venturi tubes that produce supersonic gas velocities as the tube and the gas are first constricted and then the tube and gas are expanded beyond the choke plane. Rocket engine nozzles discusses how to calculate the exit velocity from nozzles used in rocket engines. Hydraulic jump; High pressure jet
A nozzle operates according to the Venturi effect to bring the exhaust gasses to ambient pressure, while forming them into a propulsive jet; if the pressure upstream of the nozzle is high enough, the flow will reach sonic speed . The role of the nozzle in back-pressuring the engine is explained below.
The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a de Laval nozzle from a high-pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber. As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform supersonic beam, which is essentially collision-free and has a temperature that, in the centre-of-mass frame, can be significantly below ...
Video of a Venturi meter used in a lab experiment Idealized flow in a Venturi tube. The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a moving fluid speeds up as it flows through a constricted section (or choke) of a pipe. The Venturi effect is named after its discoverer, the 18th-century Italian physicist Giovanni ...
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Exhaust or nozzle — Turbine exhaust gases pass through the propelling nozzle to produce a high velocity jet. The nozzle is usually convergent with a fixed flow area. Supersonic nozzle — For high nozzle pressure ratios (Nozzle Entry Pressure/Ambient Pressure) a convergent-divergent (de Laval) nozzle is used. The expansion to atmospheric ...