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In gender studies, hegemonic masculinity is part of R. W. Connell's gender order theory, which recognizes multiple masculinities that vary across time, society, culture, and the individual. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Hegemonic masculinity is defined as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the ...
Early men's studies scholars studied social construction of masculinity, [12] which the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell is best known for.. Connell introduced the concept of hegemonic masculinity, describing it as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.
Raewyn Connell (born 3 January 1944), usually cited as R. W. Connell, is an Australian feminist sociologist and Professor Emerita at the University of Sydney, mainly known for co-founding the field of masculinity studies and coining the concept of hegemonic masculinity, as well as for her work on Southern theory.
Hegemonic masculinity is constructed in opposition to femininity and is dominant to all other gender identities (including alternative masculinities). Men are socialized from birth to perform it, especially through behavior and symbolism.
In a gender studies context, Raewyn Connell refers to toxic practices that may arise out of what she terms hegemonic masculinity, rather than essential traits. [9] Connell argues that such practices, such as physical violence, may serve to reinforce men's dominance over women in Western societies.
Theories like this, which promote hegemonic masculinity, are often criticized for being sexist, exclusionary, not realistic and “toxic.” They are popular in alt-right communities.
Demetrakis Z. Demetriou further divided hegemonic masculinity into two types: external and internal. External hegemonic masculinity refers to the subordination of women under men. Internal hegemonic masculinity is the spectrum of masculinity seen within men. This spectrum is defined by the amount of power and masculinity a man holds.
study also examined gender diversity and found it to be positively associated with increased sales revenue, more customers, and greater relative profits.23 Leveraging Talent Women outperformed men on numerous leadership competencies. An INSEAD study looked at the 360-degree evaluations of nearly 3,000 executives