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Egyptian relief at Dendera depicting Trajan (right, r. 98–117) in full pharaonic garb, sacrificing goods to the goddess Hathor and her son Ihy The Roman pharaohs, [1] rarely referred to as ancient Egypt's Thirty-fourth Dynasty, [2] [a] were the Roman emperors in their capacity as rulers of Egypt, especially in Egyptology.
Articles relating to Roman emperors, who were considered pharaohs in Roman Egypt. This covers the period from 30 BC to 313 AD. This covers the period from 30 BC to 313 AD. The category should include only Pharaohs attested in ancient sources, not all Roman emperors.
Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively only while in Egypt. The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza (reigned 311–313 AD). [3] [171]
Roman Egypt [note 1] was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641. The province encompassed most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai. It was bordered by the provinces of Crete and Cyrenaica to the west and Judaea, later Arabia Petraea, to the East.
Pharaoh (/ ˈ f ɛər oʊ /, US also / ˈ f eɪ. r oʊ /; [4] Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; [note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה Parʿō) [5] is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. [6]
Augustus as Roman pharaoh in an Egyptian-style depiction, a stone carving of the Kalabsha Temple in Nubia. Although the most powerful individual in the Roman Empire, Augustus wished to embody the spirit of Republican virtue and norms. He also wanted to relate to and connect with the concerns of the plebs and lay people.
Maximinus would prove to be the last person afforded the traditional titulature of Pharaoh – no Christian Roman/Byzantine emperor, nor Islamic or modern leader, has revived the title since. [22] As the last monarch to employ traditional pharaonic titulature, Maximinus' death can be seen as marking the end of a 3,400-year-old office.
He was the first Roman emperor to come to the throne after his own biological father. As Pharaoh of Egypt, Titus adopted the titulary Autokrator Titos Kaisaros Hununefer Benermerut ("Emperor Titus Caesar, the perfect and popular youth"). [58] Because of his many (alleged) vices, many Romans feared that he would be another Nero. [59]