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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7. Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416567622. Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J. (1993).
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
This is a list of an Arab dynasty, the Shi'ite caliphs of the Fatimid dynasty (909–1171). The Shi'ite caliphs were also regarded at the same time as the imams of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam .
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized: al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) consisted of the first four successive caliphs (lit. 'successors') — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali — who led the Muslim community/polity from the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632, to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661.
Concise History of Islam by Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani - 2011; L'islam de Pétra Réponse à la thèse de Dan Gibson by X - 2020; You Sorry You Asked by Albert L. Masler, Jr. - 2002; Islam at War by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton - 2003; Outline History of the Islamic World by Masudul Hasan, Abdul Waheed - 1974
Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, around 850. In 750, the Abbasids seized power from the Umayyad rulers of the Arab-Islamic empire. [3] The Abbasid caliphs based themselves in what is now Iraq and ruled over Iran, Mesopotamia, Arabia and the lands of the eastern and southern Mediterranean.