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Narcissistic defenses are among the earliest defense mechanisms to emerge, and include denial, distortion, and projection. [4] Splitting is another defense mechanism prevalent among individuals with narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder—seeing people and situations in black and white terms, either as all bad or all good.
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS), Interpersonal Exploitativeness Scale (IES) and Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) are among those tests that have been researched to replace the NPI, though some don't directly measure narcissism and instead measure a subcategory of narcissism like Entitlement.
Illustration of the triad. The dark triad is a psychological theory of personality, first published by Delroy L. Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams in 2002, [1] that describes three notably offensive, but non-pathological personality types: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism, and sub-clinical psychopathy.
Narcissists can also have interpersonally exploitative behavior, be incredibly sensitive to criticism, embody a sense of entitlement, have an obsession with fantasies of unlimited success, power ...
The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) is a brief 12-question personality inventory test to assess the possible presence of the three subclinical dark triad traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. [1] The DTDD was developed to identify the dark triad traits among subclinical adult populations. It is a screening test. [2]
In social psychology, collective narcissism (or group narcissism) is the tendency to exaggerate the positive image and importance of a group to which one belongs. [1] [2] The group may be defined by ideology, race, political beliefs/stance, religion, sexual orientation, social class, language, nationality, employment status, education level, cultural values, or any other ingroup.
Freud originally applied the term "narcissistic neurosis" to a range of disorders, including perversion, depression, and psychosis. [5] In the 1920s, however, he came to single out "illnesses which are based on a conflict between the ego and the super-ego... we would set aside the name of 'narcissistic psycho-neuroses' for disorders of that kind" [6] —melancholia being the outstanding example.
Narcissistic leadership is a leadership style in which the leader is only interested in themself. A narcissistic leader's priority is that leader's own self – at the expense of their people/group members. This leader exhibits the characteristics of a narcissist: arrogance, dominance and hostility.