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In the event that most of the echo is from first surface reflections (^ < or so), the OC radar albedo is a first-order approximation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient (aka reflectivity) [83] and can be used to estimate the bulk density of a planetary surface to a depth of a meter or so (a few wavelengths of the radar wavelength which is ...
Temperatures on the order of 10 9 kelvins are needed to fuse oxygen into sulfur. [11] An atomic mass of 16 was assigned to oxygen prior to the definition of the unified atomic mass unit based on 12 C. [12] Since physicists referred to 16 O only, while chemists meant the natural mix of isotopes, this led to slightly different mass scales.
The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government of the Philippines to Quezon City, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President Manuel L. Quezon. [83] The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at ...
To convert integer decimals to octal, divide the original number by the largest possible power of 8 and divide the remainders by successively smaller powers of 8 until the power is 1. The octal representation is formed by the quotients, written in the order generated by the algorithm. For example, to convert 125 10 to octal: 125 = 8 2 × 1 + 61
Hexadecimal (also known as base-16 or simply hex) is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a radix (base) of sixteen. Unlike the decimal system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" to represent values from ten to fifteen.
Homicide rates (from firearms) per 100,000 people by country. [1]This is a list of countries by firearm-related homicide rate per 100,000 population by year . Homicide figures may include justifiable homicides along with criminal homicides, depending upon jurisdiction and reporting standards.
This number represents an accurate "direct" measurement of the age of the universe, in contrast to other methods that typically involve Hubble's law and the age of the oldest stars in globular clusters. It is possible to use different methods for determining the same parameter (in this case, the age of the universe) and arrive at different ...