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John Gerard Ruggie (18 October 1944 – 16 September 2021) was the Berthold Beitz Research Professor in Human Rights and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University and an affiliated professor in international legal studies at Harvard Law School.
In July 2005, Harvard professor John Ruggie was appointed to this position for an initial two-year period which was then extended for an additional year. In 2008, on completion of his first three-year mandate, Ruggie presented the United Nations Human Rights Council with the "Protect, Respect and Remedy" framework as a conceptual way to anchor ...
John Ruggie further elaborated the concept in his influential writings on multilateralism. Based on principles of "indivisibility" and "diffuse reciprocity he defined ...
The term was first used by the American political scientist John Ruggie in 1982. [1] Mainstream scholars generally describe embedded liberalism as involving a compromise between two desirable but partially conflicting objectives. The first objective was to revive free trade.
In international relations (IR), constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. [1] [2] [3] The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.
The term 'due diligence' was originally put forward in this context by UN Special Representative for Human Rights and Business John Ruggie, who used it as an umbrella to cover the steps and processes by which a company understands, monitors and mitigates its human rights impacts. Human Rights Impact Assessment is a component of this.
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Mary C. Ruggie (née Zacharuk; born 1945) is an American sociologist and professor at Harvard Kennedy School. Ruggie completed a B.A. in sociology (1970), M.A. in education (1971) and Ph.D. in sociology (1980) at University of California, Berkeley . [ 1 ]