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Several African military dictators nominally adopted socialist messaging to gain support from neighboring one-party socialist dictatorships. [141] Public rejection of military dictatorship in Africa significantly increased in the 1980s as pro-democracy protests took place across the continent. [142]
The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Political scientists such as Juan José Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political ...
The Orange Free State and the South African Republic were forced to surrender their sovereignty in the Treaty of Vereeniging to become colonies of the British Empire, but were promised an autonomous civilian government, and the colonies later merged with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. Kruger had lived in exile ...
Prime Minister of the Central African Empire Central African Empire: 1978–1979 France Central African Republic: 1980–1981 Chad: 1982–1992 Togo: President of the Central African Republic: 2003–2009 Togo: Jafar Sharif-Emami: Prime Minister of Iran Iran: 1978–1998† United States: Gholam Reza Azhari: Prime Minister of Iran Iran: 1978 ...
Britannica and various authors noted that the policies of Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, contributed to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the USSR, [3] [7] but while some authors, such as Leszek Kolakowski, believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a continuation of Leninism [7] and directly called Lenin's ...
The top 3 African countries ranked by V-Dem Democracy indices Electoral Democracy metric in 2024 were Cape Verde, Seychelles, and South Africa. [2] The Freedom Index ranks states based on the protection of 'political and civil liberties and freedoms' that individuals receive including the freedom to participate in elections. [3]
This is a list of leaders of Middle Eastern and North African states. It consists of the heads of state and government within the Arab League , and of other MENA countries outside it. Leaders of Arab League member states
This is a list of coups d'état and coup attempts by country, listed in chronological order. A coup is an attempt to illegally overthrow a country's government. Scholars generally consider a coup successful when the usurpers are able to maintain control of the government for at least seven days.