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BCA protein assay in a 96 well plate. The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay), also known as the Smith assay, after its inventor, Paul K. Smith at the Pierce Chemical Company, [1] now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, is a biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (0.5 μg/mL to 1.5 mg/mL), similar to Lowry protein assay, Bradford protein assay or ...
In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Overall reaction: 2 H 2 O + 2 Cl − (aq) → H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) + 2 OH − (aq) As the overall reaction indicates, the concentration of chloride ions is reduced in comparison to OH − ions (whose concentration increases). The reaction also shows the production of gaseous hydrogen, chlorine and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
In aqueous solution at pH close to neutrality, amino acids exist as zwitterions, i.e. as dipolar ions with both NH + 3 and CO − 2 in charged states, so the overall structure is NH + 3 −CHR−CO − 2. At physiological pH the so-called "neutral forms" −NH 2 −CHR−CO 2 H are not present to any measurable degree. [36]
The bicarbonate ion is an amphoteric species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the carbonate ion (CO 2− 3): HCO − 3 ⇌ CO 2− 3 + H + K a2 = 4.69 × 10 −11 mol/L; pK a2 = 10.329. In organisms, carbonic acid production is catalysed by the enzyme known as ...
The numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for turbulent flow is extremely difficult, and due to the significantly different mixing-length scales that are involved in turbulent flow, the stable solution of this requires such a fine mesh resolution that the computational time becomes significantly infeasible for calculation or ...