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Areas where the ice is most easily lifted (i.e. areas with thinner overlying ice sheets) are lifted first. Hence the water may move up the terrain underlying the glacier if it moves toward areas of lower overlying ice. [7] As water collects, additional ice is lifted until a release path is created. [8]
List of notable glaciologists Name Birth Death Contributions Louis Agassiz: 1807: 1873: First to scientifically propose the existence of past ice ages: Jens Esmark: 1763: 1839: Extension of past glaciations Jón Eyþórsson: 1898: 1968: Long-term observation and measurement of glacier margins in Iceland Andrea Fischer: 1973
Sognefjord in Norway, the second longest fjord in the world, shows characteristic overdeepening.. Overdeepening is a characteristic of basins and valleys eroded by glaciers.An overdeepened valley profile is often eroded to depths which are hundreds of metres below the lowest continuous surface line (the thalweg) along a valley or watercourse.
Subglacial lakes form at the boundary between ice and the underlying bedrock, where liquid water can exist above the lower melting point of ice under high pressure. [1] [2] Over time, the overlying ice gradually melts at a rate of a few millimeters per year. [3]
Greenland ice sheet as seen from space. An ice sheet is a body of ice which covers a land area of continental size - meaning that it exceeds 50,000 km 2. [4] The currently existing two ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica have a much greater area than this minimum definition, measuring at 1.7 million km 2 and 14 million km 2, respectively.
Eskers form in ice tunnels within or under a glacier, as shown in Figure 1, and are composed of the sediment deposits from the streams that occupy these tunnels. [37] Eskers may also form from supra-glacial streams that cut into the crevasses of the glacier. After the ice has melted away the stream deposits are left remaining as long mounded ...
A subduction mechanism is a key to the ice tectonics hypothesis on Europa. For subduction to occur, convection within or below the ice crust must exert stresses that exceed the strength of the overlying ice crust. [5] But to hold a tenable tectonics hypothesis, one must explain how ice sinks below the surface. [5]
Rafting, also called telescoped ice, [3] is most noticeable when it involves new and young ice, but also occurs in ice of all thicknesses. [4] The process of finger rafting as such is commonly observed inside a lead, once a thin layer of ice (at the nilas stage) has formed.