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  2. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect.The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one.

  3. Aristotelianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism

    Aristotelianism (/ ˌ ær ɪ s t ə ˈ t iː l i ə n ɪ z əm / ARR-i-stə-TEE-lee-ə-niz-əm) is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics.

  4. Models of scientific inquiry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry

    When a hypothesis has survived a sufficient number of tests, it may be promoted to a scientific theory. A theory is a hypothesis that has survived many tests and seems to be consistent with other established scientific theories. Since a theory is a promoted hypothesis, it is of the same 'logical' species and shares the same logical limitations.

  5. Inductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning

    Inductive reasoning is any of various methods of reasoning in which broad generalizations or principles are derived from a body of observations. [1] [2] This article is concerned with the inductive reasoning other than deductive reasoning (such as mathematical induction), where the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain given the premises are correct; in contrast, the truth of the ...

  6. Problem of induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction

    The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations. These inferences from the observed to the unobserved are known as "inductive inferences".

  7. Problem of universals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals

    A biologist can study oak trees and learn about oakness and more generally the intelligible order within the sensible world. Accordingly, Aristotle was more confident than Plato about coming to know the sensible world; he was a prototypical empiricist and a founder of induction. Aristotle was a new, moderate sort of realist about universals.

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  9. History of scientific method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scientific_method

    The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the ...