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is the magnitude of the applied magnetic field (A/m), is absolute temperature , is a material-specific Curie constant (K). Pierre Curie discovered this relation, now known as Curie's law, by fitting data from experiment. It only holds for high temperatures and weak magnetic fields.
The Curie temperature of nanoparticles is also affected by the crystal lattice structure: body-centred cubic (bcc), face-centred cubic (fcc), and a hexagonal structure (hcp) all have different Curie temperatures due to magnetic moments reacting to their neighbouring electron spins. fcc and hcp have tighter structures and as a results have ...
These systems operate in a magnetic Brayton cycle, in a reverse way of the magnetocaloric refrigerators. [8] Experiments have produced only extremely inefficient working prototypes, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] however, thermodynamic analysis indicate that thermomagnetic motors present high efficiency related to Carnot efficiency for small temperature ...
The magnetic moment of a current loop is equal to the current times the area of the loop. Suppose the field is aligned with the z axis. The average loop area can be given as π ρ 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \pi \left\langle \rho ^{2}\right\rangle } , where ρ 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \left\langle \rho ^{2}\right\rangle } is the mean ...
These iterative developments culminated in his 1906 publication "The End of Matter" [10] in which he notes that when applying the methodology of using an electric or magnetic field deviations to determine charge-to-mass ratios, one finds that the apparent mass added by charge makes up all of the apparent mass, thus the "real mass is equal to ...
Here μ 0 is the permeability of free space; M the magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume), B = μ 0 H is the magnetic field, and C the material-specific Curie constant: = (+), where k B is the Boltzmann constant, N the number of magnetic atoms (or molecules) per unit volume, g the Landé g-factor, μ B the Bohr magneton, J the angular ...
Breakdown of ideal MHD (in the form of magnetic reconnection) is known to be the likely cause of solar flares. The magnetic field in a solar active region over a sunspot can store energy that is released suddenly as a burst of motion, X-rays, and radiation when the main current sheet collapses, reconnecting the field. [31] [32]
Compounds at temperatures below the Curie temperature exhibit long-range magnetic order in the form of ferromagnetism. Another critical temperature is the Néel temperature, below which antiferromagnetism occurs. The hexahydrate of nickel chloride, NiCl 2 ·6H 2 O, has a Néel temperature of 8.3 K. The susceptibility is a maximum at this ...