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The multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values. The major issue in any discussion of multiple-comparison procedures is the question of the probability of Type I errors.
A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; [2] RCT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are clinical trials that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, diets or other medical treatments. [3] [4]
An RCT is a scientific experiment that is designed to reduce bias when testing a new medical treatment, a social intervention, or another testable hypothesis. In a traditional RCT, the researcher randomly divides the experiment participants into two groups at the same time: One group receives the treatment (the "treatment group")
Platform trials can be a superior design compared to simple 2-arm clinical trials when multiple therapies need investigation, because it only requires a single control group. This means that platform trials can be conducted with fewer enrolled patients than a set of potentially redundant control groups in a series of separate 2-arm trials.
Using a single standard arm for comparison for all candidates in the trial saves significant costs over individual Phase 3 trials. All data are shared across the industry. [ 32 ] As of January 2016 [update] I-SPY 2 is comparing 11 new treatments against 'standard therapy', and is estimated to complete in Sept 2017. [ 33 ]
A multicenter research trial is a clinical trial that involves more than one independent medical institutions in enrolling and following trial participants. [1] In multicenter trials the participant institutions follow a common treatment protocol and follow the same data collection guidelines, and there is a single coordinating center that receives, processes and analyzes study data.
An example might be a drug with many adverse effects given first, making patients taking a second, less harmful medicine, more sensitive to any adverse effect. Second is the issue of "carry-over" between treatments, which confounds the estimates of the treatment effects. In practice, "carry-over" effects can be avoided with a sufficiently long ...
Case–control studies are a relatively inexpensive and frequently used type of epidemiological study that can be carried out by small teams or individual researchers in single facilities in a way that more structured experimental studies often cannot be. They have pointed the way to a number of important discoveries and advances.