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HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio. [4] The density of HDPE ranges from 930 to 970 kg/m 3. [5] Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low-density polyethylene, HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength (38 MPa versus 21 MPa) than LDPE. [6]
Standard sea-level conditions (SSL), [1] also known as sea-level standard (SLS), defines a set of atmospheric conditions for physical calculations. The term "standard sea level " is used to indicate that values of properties are to be taken to be the same as those standard at sea level, and is done to define values for use in general calculations.
HDPE pipe on site during installation in outback Western Australia. The white outer layer, Acu-Therm, is co-extruded to provide a reduction of thermal heating. HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm 3. HDPE has a low degree of branching.
At standard mean sea level it specifies a temperature of 15 °C (59 °F), pressure of 101,325 pascals (14.6959 psi) (1 atm), and a density of 1.2250 kilograms per cubic meter (0.07647 lb/cu ft). It also specifies a temperature lapse rate of −6.5 °C (−11.7 °F) per km (approximately −2 °C (−3.6 °F) per 1,000 ft).
The pound per square inch absolute (psia) is used to make it clear that the pressure is relative to a vacuum rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is around 14.7 psi (101 kilopascals), this will be added to any pressure reading made in air at sea level. The converse is pound per square inch gauge ...
Ambient Temperature: A change in ambient temperature to less than 50 °F (10 °C) or greater than 125 °F (52 °C) (XXVI–4412(b)). (10) Interfacial Pressure: A change in interfacial pressure to a value beyond the range tested (XXVI–2321). (11) Decrease in Melt Bead Width: A decrease in melt bead size from that qualified. (12)
The concept of potential temperature applies to any stratified fluid. It is most frequently used in the atmospheric sciences and oceanography. [2] The reason that it is used in both fields is that changes in pressure can result in warmer fluid residing under colder fluid – examples being dropping air temperature with altitude and increasing water temperature with depth in very deep ocean ...
Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level [26] 10 Pa Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph or 14 km/h) [27] [28] [29] 86 Pa Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat [30] 10 2 Pa