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Bronze is usually nonmagnetic, but certain alloys containing iron or nickel may have magnetic properties. Bronze typically oxidizes only superficially; once a copper oxide (eventually becoming copper carbonate) layer is formed, the underlying metal is protected from further corrosion. This can be seen on statues from the Hellenistic period.
Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. [1] It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating. [ 1 ]
Bismuth bronze or bismuth brass is a copper alloy which typically contains 1-3% bismuth by weight, although some alloys contain over 6% Bi. This bronze alloy is very corrosion -resistant, a property which makes it suitable for use in environments such as the ocean.
Patina (/ p ə ˈ t iː n ə / pə-TEE-nə or / ˈ p æ t ɪ n ə / PAT-ih-nə) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones [1] and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or ...
patination – chemically reacting the metal surface to form a colored oxide or salt. [1] anodizing – electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer, producing a porous surface which can accept organic or inorganic dyes easily. In the case of titanium, niobium, and stainless steel, the colour formed ...
16th century cupellation furnaces (per Agricola). Cupellation is a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals, like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, present in the ore.
Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air and water. The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of 1 ⁄ 8 tin and 7 ⁄ 8 copper (12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced.
The oxide mineral class includes those minerals in which the oxide anion (O 2−) is bonded to one or more metal alloys. The hydroxide -bearing minerals are typically included in the oxide class. Minerals with complex anion groups such as the silicates , sulfates , carbonates and phosphates are classed separately.
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