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ITAMs are important for signal transduction, mainly in immune cells. They are found in the cytoplasmic tails of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors [7] such as the CD3 and ζ-chains of the T cell receptor complex, the CD79-alpha and -beta chains of the B cell receptor complex, and certain Fc receptors.
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector.
Air pressure changes in the ear canal cause the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles.At the end of the ossicular chain, movement of the stapes footplate within the oval window of the cochlea generates a pressure field within the cochlear fluids, imparting a pressure differential across the basilar membrane.
[2] [3] To fulfill many diverse functions, FGFs can be alternatively spliced or even have different initiation codons to create hundreds of different FGF isoforms. [4] One of the most important functions of the FGF receptors (FGFR) is in limb development. This signaling involves nine different alternatively spliced isoforms of the receptor. [5]
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumor formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus , resulting in the activation of genes through the process of ...
The non-canonical Wnt signaling can be divided in planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and Wnt/calcium pathway. It is characterized by binding of Wnt to Frizzled and activation of G proteins and to an increase of intracellular levels of calcium through mechanisms involving PKC 50. [ 54 ]
[3] [4] ERK, a participating protein in the MAPK signaling pathway, can be activated or inhibited by cAMP. [5] cAMP can inhibit ERKs in a variety of ways, most of which involve the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the inhibition of Ras-dependent signals to Raf-1. [6] However, cAMP can also stimulate cell proliferation by stimulating ERKs.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) antagonises PI3K by converting PI(3,4,5)P 3 into PI(4,5)P 2. Loss of PTEN function leads to over-activation of Akt and is common in cancer cells (PTEN is a tumour suppressor). SH2-containing Inositol Phosphatase (SHIP) also dephosphorylates PI(3,4,5)P 3, at the 5' position of the inositol ring. [22]