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for navigation, CAS is traditionally calculated as one of the steps between indicated airspeed and true airspeed; for aircraft control, CAS (and EAS) are the primary reference points, since they describe the dynamic pressure acting on aircraft surfaces regardless of density, altitude, wind, and other conditions.
An aircraft's indicated airspeed in knots is typically abbreviated KIAS for "Knots-Indicated Air Speed" (vs. KCAS for calibrated airspeed and KTAS for true airspeed). The IAS is an important value for the pilot because it is the indicated speeds which are specified in the aircraft flight manual for such important performance values as the stall ...
An airspeed indicator for an aeroplane. Indicated airspeed is displayed on the black background (in this case both in knots (kn) and miles per hour (mph)). The pilot sets the pressure altitude and air temperature in the top window using the knob. Based on that, the white background scale in the lower left window moves to give true airspeed.
Maximum structural cruising speed or maximum speed for normal operations. Speed at which exceeding the limit load factor may cause permanent deformation of the aircraft structure. [7] [8] [9] [24] V O: Maximum operating maneuvering speed. [25] V R: Rotation speed. The speed at which the pilot begins to apply control inputs to cause the aircraft ...
V A is the design maneuvering speed and is a calibrated airspeed.Maneuvering speed cannot be slower than and need not be greater than V c. [4]If is chosen by the manufacturer to be exactly the aircraft will stall in a nose-up pitching maneuver before the structure is subjected to its limiting aerodynamic load.
full authority digital engine control: Engine equipment FAC Flight Augmentation computer Avionics FAF final approach fix: FAF first available flight Airline operations FALS full approach lighting system FANS Future Air Navigation System: Avionics FAP final approach point FAP forward attendant panel Aircraft equipment FAR Federal Aviation Regulation
The optimal airspeed is independent of the wind speed, because the fastest average speed achievable through the airmass corresponds to the fastest achievable average groundspeed. [ 2 ] The speed to fly is the optimum speed through sinking or rising air mass to achieve either the furthest glide, or fastest average cross-country speed.
In aerodynamics, the flight envelope, service envelope, or performance envelope of an aircraft or spacecraft refers to the capabilities of a design in terms of airspeed and load factor or atmospheric density, often simplified to altitude. [1] [2] The term is somewhat loosely applied, and can also refer to other measurements such as maneuverability.