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for navigation, CAS is traditionally calculated as one of the steps between indicated airspeed and true airspeed; for aircraft control, CAS (and EAS) are the primary reference points, since they describe the dynamic pressure acting on aircraft surfaces regardless of density, altitude, wind, and other conditions.
In aviation, equivalent airspeed (EAS) is calibrated airspeed (CAS) corrected for the compressibility of air at a non-trivial Mach number. It is also the airspeed at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the dynamic pressure is the same as the dynamic pressure at the true airspeed (TAS) and altitude at which the aircraft ...
An aircraft's indicated airspeed in knots is typically abbreviated KIAS for "Knots-Indicated Air Speed" (vs. KCAS for calibrated airspeed and KTAS for true airspeed). The IAS is an important value for the pilot because it is the indicated speeds which are specified in the aircraft flight manual for such important performance values as the stall ...
Airspeed is commonly given in knots (kn). Since 2010, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends using kilometers per hour (km/h) for airspeed (and meters per second for wind speed on runways), but allows using the de facto standard of knots, and has no set date on when to stop.
The indicated airspeed is close to the true airspeed only at sea level in standard conditions and at low speeds. At 11 000 m ( 36 000 ft), an indicated airspeed of 300 kn may correspond to a true airspeed of 500 kn in standard conditions.
Maximum structural cruising speed or maximum speed for normal operations. Speed at which exceeding the limit load factor may cause permanent deformation of the aircraft structure. [7] [8] [9] [24] V O: Maximum operating maneuvering speed. [25] V R: Rotation speed. The speed at which the pilot begins to apply control inputs to cause the aircraft ...
As airspeed increases, total drag decreases then increases. Polar curve for a glider, showing glide angle for minimum sink rate. The origin of the graph is where the airspeed axis crosses the sink rate axis at zero airspeed and zero sink rate. The horizontal line is tangent to the top of the polar curve. That tangent point indicates the minimum ...
The optimal airspeed is independent of the wind speed, because the fastest average speed achievable through the airmass corresponds to the fastest achievable average groundspeed. [ 2 ] The speed to fly is the optimum speed through sinking or rising air mass to achieve either the furthest glide, or fastest average cross-country speed.