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Coping refers to conscious or unconscious strategies used to reduce and manage unpleasant emotions. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviors and can be individual or social. To cope is to deal with struggles and difficulties in life. [1] It is a way for people to maintain their mental and emotional well-being. [2]
Emotional approach coping is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a stressful situation. [1] [2] As opposed to emotional avoidance, in which emotions are experienced as a negative, undesired reaction to a stressful situation, emotional approach coping involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to ...
Avoidance coping is measured via a self-reported questionnaire. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was used, which is a 62-item questionnaire that assesses experiential avoidance, and thus avoidance coping, by measuring how many avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and how strongly they agree with each statement on a scale of 1–6. [1]
The coping style most commonly associated with hardiness is transformational coping, which transforms stressful events into less stressful ones. [3] [24] At the cognitive level this involves setting the event into a broader perspective in which it does not seem so terrible. At the level of action, people high in hardiness are believed to react ...
The Coping Humor Scale was created by Rod A. Martin, Fazal Mittu and Herbert M. Lefcourt in 1983. The Coping Humor Scale is a survey of 7 items that assesses how much participants use humor to cope with stress. [7] The responses on the survey are on a 1-4 scale, strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4).
These maladaptive coping styles (overcompensation, avoidance, or surrender) very often wind up reinforcing the schemas. [6] Continuing the Abandonment example: having imagined a threat of abandonment in a relationship and feeling sad and panicky, a person using an avoidant coping style might then behave in ways to limit the closeness in the ...
Rumination appears closely related to worry. Rumination is the focused attention on the symptoms of one's mental distress.In 1998, Nolen-Hoeksema proposed the Response Styles Theory, [1] [2] which is the most widely used conceptualization model of rumination.
Intellectualization is a transition to reason, where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. The situation is treated as an interesting problem that engages the person on a rational basis, whilst the emotional aspects are completely ignored as being irrelevant.