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In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionizing particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Detectors can measure the ...
A hodoscope (from the Greek "hodos" for way or path, and "skopos" an observer) is an instrument used in particle detectors to detect passing charged particles and determine their trajectories. Hodoscopes are characterized by being made up of many segments; the combination of which segments record a detection is then used to infer where the ...
The Malter effect is named after Louis Malter, who first described the effect.Following exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., electrons, ions, X-rays, extreme ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet), secondary electron emission from the surface of a thin insulating layer results in the establishment of a positive charge on the surface.
In physics, particle detectors are used in the experimental study of radioactivity, nuclear physics and particle physics; they are also important as a surveillance tool in nuclear safety. Particle detectors may range from the simplest, such as photographic film and Geiger counters , to the most complex used in particle colliders .
Particle counters are used to support clean manufacturing practices in a variety of industrial applications. Clean manufacturing is required for the production of many electronic components and assemblies, pharmaceutical drug products and medical devices, and industrial technologies such as oil and gas.
Particle velocity can be calculated using the Doppler frequency from any signal, while the phase difference between two detectors determines particle size. [ 3 ] Fraunhofer diffraction : When a particle is at least 10 times larger than the laser wavelength and the scattering angle is 30° or smaller, the light intensity distribution pattern can ...
Particle identification is the process of using information left by a particle passing through a particle detector to identify the type of particle. Particle identification reduces backgrounds and improves measurement resolutions, and is essential to many analyses at particle detectors.
In particle physics, a hermetic detector (also called a 4π detector) is a particle detector designed to observe all possible decay products of an interaction between subatomic particles in a collider by covering as large an area around the interaction point as possible and incorporating multiple types of sub-detectors. They are typically ...