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  2. Alternate wetting and drying - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_wetting_and_drying

    Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a water management technique, practiced to cultivate irrigated lowland rice with much less water than the usual system of maintaining continuous standing water in the crop field. It is a method of controlled and intermittent irrigation.

  3. Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation_of_carbon...

    In contrast, C3 plants directly perform the Calvin Cycle in mesophyll cells, without making use of a CO 2 concentration method. Malate, the four-carbon compound is the namesake of "C4" photosynthesis. This pathway allows C4 photosynthesis to efficiently shuttle CO 2 to the RuBisCO enzyme and maintain high concentrations of CO 2 within bundle ...

  4. Photorespiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorespiration

    C 2 photosynthesis (also called glycine shuttle and photorespiratory CO 2 pump) is a CCM that works by making use of – as opposed to avoiding – photorespiration. It performs carbon refixation by delaying the breakdown of photorespired glycine, so that the molecule is shuttled from the mesophyll into the bundle sheath .

  5. Photosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

    Photosynthesis usually refers to oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that produces oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms store the chemical energy so produced within intracellular organic compounds (compounds containing carbon) like sugars, glycogen , cellulose and starches .

  6. C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation

    C 2 photosynthesis, an intermediate step between C 3 and Kranz C 4, may be preferred over C 4 for rice conversion. The simpler system is less optimized for high light and high temperature conditions than C 4 , but has the advantage of requiring fewer steps of genetic engineering and performing better than C 3 under all temperatures and light ...

  7. Water retention curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_retention_curve

    Due to the hysteretic effect of water filling and draining the pores, different wetting and drying curves may be distinguished. The general features of a water retention curve can be seen in the figure, in which the volume water content, θ, is plotted against the matric potential, . At potentials close to zero, a soil is close to saturation ...

  8. C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation

    Calvin–Benson cycle. C 3 carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being C 4 and CAM.This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:

  9. Light-dependent reactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions

    The cyclic light-dependent reactions occur only when the sole photosystem being used is photosystem I. Photosystem I excites electrons which then cycle from the transport protein, ferredoxin (Fd), to the cytochrome complex, b 6 f, to another transport protein, plastocyanin (Pc), and back to photosystem I. A proton gradient is created across the ...

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