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  2. Law of cotangents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cotangents

    Using the usual notations for a triangle (see the figure at the upper right), where a, b, c are the lengths of the three sides, A, B, C are the vertices opposite those three respective sides, α, β, γ are the corresponding angles at those vertices, s is the semiperimeter, that is, s = ⁠ a + b + c / 2 ⁠, and r is the radius of the inscribed circle, the law of cotangents states that

  3. Dot product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product

    Algebraically, the dot product is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the two sequences of numbers. Geometrically, it is the product of the Euclidean magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. These definitions are equivalent when using Cartesian coordinates.

  4. Pythagorean theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem

    In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.

  5. Vector algebra relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_algebra_relations

    The following are important identities in vector algebra.Identities that only involve the magnitude of a vector ‖ ‖ and the dot product (scalar product) of two vectors A·B, apply to vectors in any dimension, while identities that use the cross product (vector product) A×B only apply in three dimensions, since the cross product is only defined there.

  6. Binomial theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theorem

    In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power ⁠ (+) ⁠ expands into a polynomial with terms of the form ⁠ ⁠, where the exponents ⁠ ⁠ and ⁠ ⁠ are nonnegative integers satisfying ⁠ + = ⁠ and the coefficient ⁠ ⁠ of each term is a specific positive integer ...

  7. Complex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

    As the sum and product of two such matrices is again of this form, these matrices form a subring of the ring of 2 × 2 matrices. A simple computation shows that the map a + i b ↦ ( a − b b a ) {\displaystyle a+ib\mapsto {\begin{pmatrix}a&-b\\b&\;\;a\end{pmatrix}}} is a ring isomorphism from the field of complex numbers to the ring of these ...

  8. Exterior algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_algebra

    A(v + rw, w) = A(v, w) for any real number r, since adding a multiple of w to v affects neither the base nor the height of the parallelogram and consequently preserves its area. A(e 1, e 2) = 1, since the area of the unit square is one. The cross product (blue vector) in relation to the exterior product (light blue parallelogram).

  9. Translation surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_surface

    If the translation surface (,) is represented by a polygon then triangulating it and summing angles over all vertices allows to recover the formula above (using the relation between cone angles and order of zeroes), in the same manner as in the proof of the Gauss–Bonnet formula for hyperbolic surfaces or the proof of Euler's formula from ...