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Zika fever (also known as Zika virus disease) is an illness caused by Zika virus. [80] Around 80% of cases are estimated to be asymptomatic, though the accuracy of this figure is hindered by the wide variance in data quality, and figures from different outbreaks can vary significantly. [ 81 ]
Though Zika virus has been shown to infect human Schwann cells. [23] Several countries affected by Zika outbreaks have reported increases in the rate of new cases of GBS. During the 2013–2014 outbreak in French Polynesia there were 42 reported cases of GBS over three months, compared to between 3 and 10 annually before the outbreak. [24]
The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus in the genus Flavivirus that exhibits tropism for the human maternal decidua, the fetal placenta, and the umbilical cord. [14] On the cellular level, the Zika virus targets decidual macrophages, decidual fibroblasts , trophoblasts , Hofbauer cells , and mesenchymal stem cells due to their increased ...
Legler used BLAST to search for host protein substrates for the nsP2 protease of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and the protease from Zika virus. These viruses are Group 4 (+)ssRNA viruses. Short ~20-25 amino acid sequences from the viral polyprotein [2] containing the scissile bond were used to search the human proteome. Many ...
The mechanism of transmission of this disease starts with the injection of the parasite into the victim's blood when malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes bite into a human being. The parasite uses human liver cells as hosts for maturation where it will continue to replicate and grow, moving into other areas of the body via the bloodstream.
For example, the human body louse transmits the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii which causes epidemic typhus. Although invertebrate-transmitted diseases pose a particular threat on the continents of Africa, Asia and South America, there is one way of controlling invertebrate-borne diseases, which is by controlling the invertebrate vector.
In some cases, non-neutralizing antibodies, or an insufficient amount of neutralizing antibodies binding to viral particles, can be utilized by some species of virus to facilitate uptake into their host cells. This mechanism is known as antibody-dependent enhancement. [10] It has been observed for Dengue virus and Zika virus. [11]
The first human clinical trial using ex vivo dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding tumor antigens (therapeutic cancer mRNA vaccine) was started in 2001. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Four years later, the successful use of modified nucleosides as a method to transport mRNA inside cells without setting off the body's defense system was reported.