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Zirconium phosphates (zirconium hydrogen phosphate) are acidic, inorganic cation exchange materials that have a layered structure with formula Zr(HPO 4) 2 ∙nH 2 O. [1] These salts have high thermal and chemical stability, solid state ion conductivity, resistance to ionizing radiation, and the capacity to incorporate different types of molecules with different sizes between their layers.
Lithium zirconium phosphate, identified by the formula LiZr 2 (PO 4) 3 (LZP), has been extensively studied because of its polymorphism and interesting conduction properties. [2] [17] At room temperature, LZP has a triclinic crystal structure (C 1) and undergoes a phase transition to rhombohedral crystal structure (R 3 c) between 25 and 60 °C. [17]
Zirconium diphosphide is a binary inorganic compound of zirconium metal and phosphorus with the chemical formula ZrP 2. [1]
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li 1+x Al x Ge 2-x (PO 4) 3. [3] LAGP belongs to the NASICON (Sodium Super Ionic Conductors) family of solid conductors [3] and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium ...
Kosnarite is an alkali zirconium phosphate mineral (KZr 2 (PO 4) 3) named after an expert of pegmatites Richard A. Kosnar. [2] Kosnarite contains potassium, oxygen, phosphorus, and zirconium with sodium, rubidium, hafnium, manganese and fluorine (Na, Rb, Hf, Mn, and F) being common impurities found in kosnarite.
The general formula of a phosphoric acid is H n−2x+2 P n O 3n−x+1, where n is the number of phosphorus atoms and x is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure; that is, the minimum number of bonds that would have to be broken to eliminate all cycles.
Scanning electron micrograph showing the microstructure of Zircaloy-4. At temperatures below 1100 K, zirconium alloys belong to the hexagonal crystal family (HCP). Its microstructure, revealed by chemical attack, shows needle-like grains typical of a Widmanstätten pattern. Upon annealing below the phase transition temperature (α-Zr to β-Zr ...
This limitation troubles the design of fuel cells because higher temperatures are desirable for better efficiency and CO tolerance of the platinum catalyst. Silica and zirconium phosphate can be incorporated into Nafion water channels through in situ chemical reactions to increase the working temperature to above 100 °C. [citation needed]