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If exponentiation is considered as a multivalued function then the possible values of (−1 ⋅ −1) 1/2 are {1, −1}. The identity holds, but saying {1} = {(−1 ⋅ −1) 1/2 } is incorrect. The identity ( e x ) y = e xy holds for real numbers x and y , but assuming its truth for complex numbers leads to the following paradox , discovered ...
Two to the power of n, written as 2 n, is the number of values in which the bits in a binary word of length n can be set, where each bit is either of two values. A word, interpreted as representing an integer in a range starting at zero, referred to as an "unsigned integer", can represent values from 0 (000...000 2) to 2 n − 1 (111...111 2) inclusively.
The Erdős–Moser equation, + + + = (+) where m and k are positive integers, is conjectured to have no solutions other than 1 1 + 2 1 = 3 1. The sums of three cubes cannot equal 4 or 5 modulo 9, but it is unknown whether all remaining integers can be expressed in this form.
In arithmetic and algebra, the eighth power of a number n is the result of multiplying eight instances of n together. So: n 8 = n × n × n × n × n × n × n × n. Eighth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its seventh power, or the fourth power of a number by itself. The sequence of eighth powers of integers is:
To determine a number in the table, take the number immediately to the left, then look up the required number in the previous row, at the position given by the number just taken. Values of 10 ↑ n b {\displaystyle 10\uparrow ^{n}b} = H n + 2 ( 10 , b ) {\displaystyle H_{n+2}(10,b)} = 10 [ n + 2 ] b {\displaystyle 10[n+2]b} = 10 → b → n
The third equality follows from the fact that 1 is a multiplicative identity. But now adding 1 to both sides of this last equation implies (−1) ⋅ (−1) = 1. The above arguments hold in any ring, a concept of abstract algebra generalizing integers and real numbers. [1]: p.48 0, 1, −1, i, and − i in the complex or Cartesian plane
Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d.
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .