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The polyol metabolic pathway. [6]Cells use glucose for energy.This normally occurs by phosphorylation from the enzyme hexokinase. However, if large amounts of glucose are present (as in diabetes mellitus), hexokinase becomes saturated and the excess glucose enters the polyol pathway when aldose reductase reduces it to sorbitol.
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible.
In most organisms, excess carbohydrates are regularly catabolised to form acetyl-CoA, which is a feed stock for the fatty acid synthesis pathway; fatty acids, triglycerides, and other lipids are commonly used for long-term energy storage. The hydrophobic character of lipids makes them a much more compact form of energy storage than hydrophilic ...
Too much added sugar in the diet can overwhelm cells and slow down the activities inside them, causing 'traffic jams' that can lead to chronic disease, according to new research. What they found
“When you eat an excessive amount of food, your body converts it into fat,” Patti explained. ... “Cancer cells are unique from most other cells in the body because they are rapidly dividing ...
Chronic hyperglycemia at above normal levels can produce a very wide variety of serious complications over a period of years, including kidney damage, neurological damage, cardiovascular damage, damage to the retina or damage to feet and legs. Diabetic neuropathy may be a result of long-term hyperglycemia. Impairment of growth and ...
When the body has excess carbohydrates available, some glucose is fully metabolized, and some of it is stored in the form of glycogen or, upon citrate excess, as fatty acids (see lipogenesis). Coenzyme A is recycled at this step. When the body has no free carbohydrates available, fat must be broken down into acetyl-CoA in order to get energy.
Cellular hypertrophy is an increase in cell size and volume. If enough cells of an organ hypertrophy the whole organ will increase in size. Hypertrophy may involve an increase in intracellular protein as well as cytosol (intracellular fluid) and other cytoplasmic components.