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Large deviations of the L-opsin peak wavelength lead to a form of color blindness called protanomaly and a missing L-opsin shortens the visible spectrum by about 30 nm at the long-wave limit. Forms of color blindness affecting the M-opsin and S-opsin do not significantly affect the luminous efficiency function nor the limits of the visible ...
Color blindness or color vision deficiency (CVD) ... Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum (near 440 nm).
Protanopia is a severe form of red-green color blindness, in which the L-cone is absent. It is sex-linked and affects about 1% of males. Colors of confusion include blue/purple and green/yellow. [2] Deuteranopia is a severe form of red-green color blindness, in which the M-cone is absent. It is sex-linked and affects about 1% of males.
In 1931 the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) published the CIE 1931 color spaces which define the relationship between the visible spectrum and human color vision. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The CIE color spaces are mathematical models that comprise a "standard observer", which is a static idealization of the color vision of a normal human.
Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision (left), and a color blind (protanopic) retina. Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue-sensitive cones. Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye [11]
Color vision, with UV discrimination, is also present in a number of arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to possess this trait. [66] Some animals can distinguish colors in the ultraviolet spectrum. The UV spectrum falls outside the human visible range, except for some cataract surgery patients. [67]
Magenta is variously defined as a purplish-red, reddish-purple, or a mauvish–crimson color. On color wheels of the RGB and CMY color models, it is located midway between red and blue, opposite green. Complements of magenta are evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 500–530 nm.
Today, most mammals possess dichromatic vision, corresponding to protanopia red–green colour blindness. They can thus see violet, blue, green and yellow light, but cannot see ultraviolet or deep red light. [5] [6] This was probably a feature of the first mammalian ancestors, which were likely small, nocturnal, and burrowing.
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