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An estimate of the GFR is used clinically to determine the degree of kidney impairment and to track the progression of the disease. The GFR, however, does not reveal the source of the kidney disease. This is accomplished by urinalysis, measurement of urine protein excretion, kidney imaging, and, if necessary, kidney biopsy. [1]
The Standardized Kt/V is based on body water volume (V). The Glomerular filtration rate, an estimate of normal kidney function, is usually normalized to body surface area (S). S and V differ markedly between small vs. large people and between men and women.
The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend on whether there is other evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria): 0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and no proteinuria
where C is the concentration [mol/m 3]; t is the time [s]; K is the clearance [m 3 /s]; V is the volume of distribution [m 3]; From the above definitions it follows that is the first derivative of concentration with respect to time, i.e. the change in concentration with time.
Normal adult right kidney as seen on abdominal ultrasound with a pole to pole measurement of 9.34 cm A CT scan of the abdomen showing the position of the kidneys. The left cross-section in the upper abdomen shows the liver on the left side of scan (right side of body).
Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney function, because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine , phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine triphosphate ...
Filtration fraction must therefore be increased in order to perform the normal functions of the kidney. Loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics decrease filtration fraction. Catecholamines ( norepinephrine and epinephrine ) increase filtration fraction by vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles , possibly through activation of alpha ...
Figure 1. Normal adult kidney. Measurement of kidney length on the US image is illustrated by ‘+’ and a dashed line. *Column of Bertin; ** pyramid; *** cortex; **** sinus. [1] The length of the adult kidney is normally 10–12 cm, and the right kidney is often slightly longer than the left kidney.