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Radiative transfer. Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically.
The spectrum of ice is similar to that of liquid water, with peak maxima at 3400 cm −1 (2.941 μm), 3220 cm −1 (3.105 μm) and 1620 cm −1 (6.17 μm) [14] In both liquid water and ice clusters, low-frequency vibrations occur, which involve the stretching (TS) or bending (TB) of intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O–H•••O).
The refractive index of water at 20 °C for visible light is 1.33. [1] The refractive index of normal ice is 1.31 (from List of refractive indices). In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with real and imaginary parts, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength. In the visible part of ...
The phases of ice are all possible states of matter for water as a solid. Variations in pressure and temperature give rise to different phases, which have varying properties and molecular geometries. Currently, twenty one phases, including both crystalline and amorphous ices have been observed.
Transparency and translucency. Dichroic filters are created using optically transparent materials. In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without appreciable scattering of light. On a macroscopic scale (one in which the dimensions are ...
Atmospheric optics. A colorful sky is often due to indirect sunlight being scattered off air molecules and particulates, like smog, soot, and cloud droplets, as shown in this photo of a sunset during the October 2007 California wildfires. Atmospheric optics is "the study of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere or products of ...
Solid light, or hard light, is a hypothetical material consisting of light in a solidified state. It has been theorized that solid light could exist. [1][2] Some experiments claim to have created solid photonic matter or molecules by inducing strong interaction between photons. [3][4][5] Potential applications of solid light could include logic ...
The human eye is a sensory organ in the visual system that reacts to visible light allowing eyesight. Other functions include maintaining the circadian rhythm, and keeping balance. Arizona Eye Model. "A" is accommodation in diopters. The eye can be considered as a living optical device. It is approximately spherical in shape, with its outer ...