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The tongue is a muscular structure located on the floor of the oral cavity. It is the primary taste organ and plays a key role in the initial phases of swallowing. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the tongue – its structure, innervation and clinical correlations.
Overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The tongue is a muscular organ situated in the oral cavity, and an accessory digestive organ. Its main functions include sensation of taste, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), speech, and clearing the oral cavity.
Muscles. The tongue is chiefly a muscular organ with some amount of fatty and fibrous tissue distributed throughout its substance. All the muscles of the tongue are paired structures, with each copy being found on either side of the median fibrous septum.
The tongue's anatomy includes interlacing muscles, nerves, and a blood supply. The tongue is a muscular organ that lies within the mouth and partly extends into the upper throat. The functions of the tongue include eating, tasting, swallowing, speech, and even breathing.
The tongue consists of eight pairs of muscles which are located bilaterally on either side of the lingual septum. Four of these muscles are intrinsic muscles which are located within the tongue itself and are highlighted here in this image.
This is a preview to our tutorial which looks at the anatomy of the muscles of the tongue, including their actions, vascular supply and innervation.
This article will focus on tongue embryology, origin, insertion, and action of the extrinsic muscles, followed by innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the tongue. Relevant clinical points will be explored and relevant diseases affecting the tongue explained.
Muscles. The tongue is formed by eight paired muscles: four intrinsic and four extrinsic. The intrinsic muscles' most particular feature is that they have no insertions in bone - they arise and insert within the tongue. By contrast, the extrinsic muscles do attach to osseous structures: either the hyoid bone, mandible, or styloid process.
Figure 1. A Sagittal view of the external muscles of the tongue, B sagittal and C anterior cross-section view of the internal muscles of the tongue. Figure 2. Sagittal view of the tongue in the oral cavity. B Superior view of the tongue. Figure 3. Inferior view of the tongue. Figure 4. Sensory innervation of the tongue. Figure 5.
The muscles of the tongue consist primarily of two groups of muscles, the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. The extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to external regions and include the: —genioglossus muscle; —hyoglossus muscle; —chondroglossus muscle; —styloglossus muscle; —palatoglossus muscle.