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The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules. The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. [2]
The stars in the core of Omega Centauri are so crowded that they are estimated to average only 0.1 light-year away from each other. [22] The internal dynamics have been analyzed using measurements of the radial velocities of 469 stars. [ 23 ]
As a result, it is the least-understood part of the atmosphere, resulting in the humorous moniker ignorosphere. [20] [21] The presence of red sprites and blue jets (electrical discharges or lightning within the lower mesosphere), noctilucent clouds, and density shears within this poorly understood layer are of current scientific interest.
Clouds resembling several terrestrial types can be seen over Mars and are believed to be composed of water-ice. [25] [26] Extremely high cirriform Noctilucent clouds are known to form near the poles at altitudes similar to or higher than the same type of clouds over Earth. [27] High cirriform
Astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope to make a landmark discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of a planet just twice Earth’s diameter in size.
Noctilucent clouds are composed of tiny crystals of water ice up to 100 nm in diameter [4] and exist at a height of about 76 to 85 km (249,000 to 279,000 ft), [5] higher than any other clouds in Earth's atmosphere. [6] Clouds in the Earth's lower atmosphere form when water collects on particles, but mesospheric clouds may form directly from ...
The yellow color is due to the presence of pollutants in the smoke. Yellowish clouds caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide are sometimes seen in urban areas with high air pollution levels. [22] Red, orange and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise and sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere.