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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history. [4]
During his reign Eastern Islamic World was invaded by Mongols. The great cities like Bukhara, Samarkand were destroyed and millions of Muslims were killed. 37 2 December 1242 – 20 February 1258 al-Mustaʿṣim bi-'llāh: ʿAbd Allāh Al-Mustansir; Hajer, Abyssinian concubine; Last Abbasid caliph of Later Abbasid Era; End of the Abbasid ...
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
This is a list of current monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula. It includes the reigning houses of those states which are monarchies: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and each of the seven emirates which make up the United Arab Emirates. The ruling families and their current head (and therefore ruler) are:
"Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62– 85. ISBN 978-0-521-47137-4. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
An Islamic monarchy is a monarchy which adheres to Islam as its state religion and is an Islamic state fully governed by Sharia. Historically came under various forms, such as Mamlakah ("Kingdom"), Caliphate, Sultanate, or Emirate, current Islamic monarchies include: Kingdom of Bahrain; Monarchies of Malaysia; Brunei Darussalam; Hashemite ...
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