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Bioavailability is 91% at the standard subcutaneous dose but 24% at the standard oral dose; the standard oral dose is higher to partially compensate for incomplete bioavailability. [ 5 ] [ 18 ] It binds to plasma proteins at a rate of 99.5%; it has a low volume of distribution (9 L/kg) and is thus not extensively absorbed.
Lactulose was first made in 1929, and has been used medically since the 1950s. [7] [8] Lactulose is made from the milk sugar lactose, which is composed of two simple sugars, galactose and glucose. [9] [3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10] It is available as a generic medication. [4]
Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is not absorbed by humans. Lactulose is well known to measure oro-cecal transit time. [11] [1] [4] The mean oro-cecal transit time in normal healthy individuals is 70 to 90 minutes. [12] [13] [8] By 90 minutes, at least 50% of individuals would have delivered the lactulose dose to the colon. Approximately 90 to ...
A randomized controlled trial found greater improvement from two sachets (26 g) of PEG versus two sachets (20 g) of lactulose. [22] 17 g per day of PEG has been effective and safe in a randomized, controlled trial for six months. [23] Another randomized, controlled trial found no difference between sorbitol and lactulose. [24]
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
For dogs, a dose ranges from 2.75 - 5.5 mg/kg once a day. The duration of treatment is usually at least five days, longer if there is a concurrent fungal or yeast infection. [ 4 ] Maximum duration of treatment is 30 days.
Weight gain will occur when an animal is in a positive energy balance, meaning energy provided as calories in the diet exceed calories expended. [10] Evidence suggests that middle-aged cats and dogs, especially those between the ages of 5 and 10, may be at an increased risk of obesity. [11]
Dogs receiving 10 times the labeled dosage rate of enrofloxacin for at least 14 days developed only vomiting and anorexia. Death did occur in some dogs when fed 25 times the labeled rate for 11 days, however. Oral LD 50: greater than 5000 mg/kg; Dermal LD 50: greater than 2000 mg/kg; Inhalation LD 50: greater than 3547 mg/m3 (4-hour exposure)
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