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The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. [1] This cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered by Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit in 1932, [2] [3] [4] five years before the discovery of the TCA cycle. The urea cycle was described in more detail later on by Ratner and Cohen.
The excretion of urea is called ureotelism. Land animals, mainly amphibians and mammals, convert ammonia into urea, a process which occurs in the liver and kidney. These animals are called ureotelic. [3] Urea is a less toxic compound than ammonia; two nitrogen atoms are eliminated through it and less water is needed for its excretion.
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) means converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as NO x with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen (N 2), and water (H 2 O). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia (NH 3), aqueous ammonia (NH 4 OH), or a urea (CO(NH 2) 2) solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a ...
The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea. This chemical reaction was described in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. [1] It is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Although the Wöhler reaction concerns the conversion of ammonium cyanate, this salt appears only as an
Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930 Carl Bosch, 1927. The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 [1] and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser [2] for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
Ammonia forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as I 2, phenol, and Al(CH 3) 3. Ammonia is a hard base (HSAB theory) and its E & C parameters are E B = 2.31 and C B = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots .
The metabolic pathways that synthesize urea involve reactions that start in the mitochondria and then move into the cytosol. The process is known as the urea cycle, which comprises several enzymes acting in sequence. It is greatly exacerbated by common zinc deficiency, which raises ammonia levels further. [1]
Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, inhabit nearly all illuminated environments on Earth and play key roles in the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the biosphere. In general, cyanobacteria can use various inorganic and organic sources of combined nitrogen, such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea, or some amino acids.