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A crank sensor (CKP) [1] [2] [3] is an electronic device used in an internal combustion engine, both petrol and diesel, to monitor the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft. This information is used by engine management systems to control the fuel injection or the ignition system timing and other engine parameters.
The problems reflect bugs that were present in ELM's version 1.4 microcode; those making the clones may continue to sell the old version. Although these copies may contain the ELM327 v1.4 code, they may falsely report the version number as the current version provided by the genuine ELM327, and in some cases report an as-yet non-existent ...
In model-based FDI techniques some model of the system is used to decide about the occurrence of fault. The system model may be mathematical or knowledge based. Some of the model-based FDI techniques include [2] observer-based approach, parity-space approach, and parameter identification based methods. There is another trend of model-based FDI ...
1992–2001 RE4F04A/RE4F04V — 4-speed transaxle (aka GEO/Isuzu 4F20E/JF403E and Mazda LJ4A-EL) 3-speed ultra lightweight keicar Suzuki Alto, Mazda Carol; 3-speed high-performance keicar Mitsubishi eK Wagon, Mitsubishi Minica, Nissan Otti; 3-speed high-performance compact Proton Perdana; 4-speed ultra lightweight keicar
The G26 was the first model to arrive, in 1984. [19] The G26 and G31 both used flip-up headlamps; the G26 and G30 were fastback coupés while the G28 and G31 had a notchback profile. [20] The design used the Ford Cortina Mk3/Mk4 drivetrain and parts installed in a galvanized steel chassis of Ginetta's own construction.
The GM Instrument Cluster Settlement was a 2008 class action settlement awarded to owners of certain General Motors vehicles with allegedly defective speedometers.The settlement allows the owner or lessee to get their instrument cluster replaced under the terms of a special coverage adjustment to their factory standard warranty.
A long-wheelbase sedan version (model code G38) is sold in China. On 27 May 2020, a facelifted 5 Series was unveiled. [8] In 2023, the G30 5 Series was phased out in favour of the G60 5 Series. In 2024, the G31 was also phased out in favour of a new Touring model codenamed the G61.
For example, a failure mode might be listed on the FMEA worksheet as “Pin A shorts Pin K,” and the corresponding local level failure effect might be “Input Signal X shorts Signal Y normal path.” (Here, bent Pin A carries Signal X and undamaged Pin K carries Signal Y.) Note that the failure mode “Pin A shorts Pin K” is very different ...