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Major depressive disorder is twice as common in women compared to men. [16] This increased rate is partially related to women's increased likelihood to experience sexual violence, poverty, and higher workloads. [16] Depression in women is more likely to be comorbid with anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, and eating disorders. [16]
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
In their lifetime, 20% to 25% of women and 7% to 12% of men will have a major depressive episode. [35] The peak period of development is between the ages of 25 and 44. [3] The onset of major depressive episodes or MDD often occurs in people in their mid-20s and less often in those over 65.
Some depression rating scales are completed by patients. The Beck Depression Inventory, for example, is a 21-question self-report inventory that covers symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, weight loss, lack of interest in sex, and feelings of guilt, hopelessness or fear of being punished. [11]
The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item [1] diagnostic questionnaire which mental health professionals use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders.
To confirm major depressive disorder as the most likely diagnosis, other potential diagnoses must be considered, including dysthymia, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, or bipolar disorder. Dysthymia is a chronic, milder mood disturbance in which a person reports a low mood almost daily over a span of at least two years.
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