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Like during fetal development, thyroid hormone levels are low in the overloaded heart tissue in a local hypothyroid state, with low levels of deiodinase 1 and deiodinase 2. Although deiodinase 3 levels in a normal heart are generally low, in cardiomyopathy deiodinase 3 activity is increased to decrease energy turnover and oxygen consumption. [7]
It is the primary form of thyroid hormone found in the blood and acts as a prohormone of the more active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T 3). [1] Thyroxine and its active metabolites are essential for regulating metabolic rate , supporting heart and muscle function , promoting brain development , and maintaining bone health .
Three primary deiodinases are responsible for thyroid hormone conversion and breakdown. Type 1 (D1) deiodinates T4 to the biologically active T3, as well as the hormonally inactive and possibly inhibitory rT3. [3] [5] Type 2 (D2) converts T4 into T3, and breaks down rT3. D3 produces rT3 from T4, and breaks down T3.
Three related isoforms, deiodinase type I, II, and III, contribute to activation and inactivation of the initially released hormone precursor T 4 into T 3 (triiodothyronine) or rT 3 (reverse triiodothyronine) in target cells. The enzymes catalyze a reductive elimination of iodine (the different isoforms attack different thyronine positions ...
TSH (with a half-life of about an hour) stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T 4), which has only a slight effect on metabolism. T 4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T 3), which is the active hormone that stimulates metabolism. About 80% of this conversion is in the liver and other organs, and 20% in the thyroid ...
Thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. [12]
It catalyzes the inactivation of thyroid hormone by inner ring deiodination of the prohormone thyroxine (T 4) and the bioactive hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T 3) to inactive metabolites, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (RT 3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T 2), respectively. This enzyme is highly expressed in the pregnant uterus, placenta, fetal and ...
Jostel's TSH index (TSHI or JTI), also referred to as Jostel's thyrotropin index or Thyroid Function index (TFI), is a method for estimating the thyrotropic (i.e. thyroid stimulating) function of the anterior pituitary lobe in a quantitative way. [1] [2] The equation has been derived from the logarithmic standard model of thyroid homeostasis.
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