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Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) was the day the All-India Muslim League decided to take a "direct action" using general strikes and economic shut down to demand a separate Muslim homeland after the British exit from India. Also known as the 1946 Calcutta Riots, it soon became a day of communal violence in Calcutta. [5]
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He is also remembered for his performance as the Minister for Civil Supply during the Bengal famine of 1943. [1] [2] In India, he is seen as a controversial figure; directly responsible for the 1946 Calcutta Killings, [3] [4] [5] for which he is often referred as the "Butcher of Bengal" in West Bengal. [6]
In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger. [ 136 ]
Total famine mortality estimates vary from 6.1 to 10.3 million [40] Map of the British Indian Empire (1880), showing where the famine struck. Both years: Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Bombay); during the second year: Central Provinces and the North-Western Provinces, and a small area in the Punjab: 1896–1897
Three million died in the 1943 Bengal famine - one man is collecting the remaining survivors' tales.
Due to Calcutta being the colonial capital, the city had a large concentration of educational institutions. It was followed by Dacca, which served as a provincial capital between 1905 and 1912. Libraries were established in each district of Bengal by the colonial government and the zamindars .
The majority of East Bengali refugees settled in the city of Kolkata (Calcutta) and various other towns and rural areas of West Bengal, but a significant number also moved to the Barak Valley of Assam and the princely state of Tripura which eventually joined India in 1949.