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The C 60 fullerene dimerizes in a formal [2+2] cycloaddition to a C 120 bucky dumbbell in the solid state by mechanochemistry (high-speed vibration milling) with potassium cyanide as a catalyst. [47] The trimer has also been reported using 4-aminopyridine as catalyst (4% yield) [48] and observed with scanning tunneling microscopy as a monolayer ...
Nested closed fullerenes have been named bucky onions. Cylindrical fullerenes are also called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes. [1] The bulk solid form of pure or mixed fullerenes is called fullerite. [2] Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature [3] [4] and outer ...
Alternatively, endohedral hydrogen fullerenes can be produced by opening and closing a fullerene by organic chemistry methods. A recent example of endohedral fullerenes includes single molecules of water encapsulated in C 60. [10] Noble gas endofullerenes are predicted to exhibit unusual polarizability.
C 60 in solution C 60 in extra virgin olive oil showing the characteristic purple color of pristine C 60 solutions. The solubility of fullerenes is generally low. Carbon disulfide dissolves 8g/L of C60, and the best solvent (1-chloronaphthalene) dissolves 53 g/L. up Still, fullerenes are the only known allotrope of carbon that can be dissolved in common solvents at room temperature.
Fullerene end-caped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is a water-soluble polymer with the tendency to form clusters. [44] It is a very good scavenger of free radicals , and it can be used for controlling radical polymerizations .
Water pollution occurs when water bodies, such as rivers, lakes and oceans are contaminated with harmful substances. These substances degrade the water quality and are toxic to humans as consumers and to the environment. [7] The contamination in a river can come from a point source or non-point source pollution. [8]
This can happen in anoxic habitats such as marine or lake sediments, oxygen minimum zones, anoxic water columns, rice paddies and soils. Some specific methanotrophs can reduce nitrate, [ 19 ] nitrite, [ 20 ] iron, [ 21 ] sulfate, [ 22 ] or manganese ions and couple that to methane oxidation without syntrophic partner.
Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way into groundwater.This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution.