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The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." [1] Identified by the 2012 World Development Report as one of two key human capital endowments, health can influence an individual's ability to reach his or her full potential in society. [2]
The Institute of Medicine in the United States says fragmentation of the U.S. health care delivery and financing system is a barrier to accessing care. Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be enrolled in health insurance plans which place limits on covered services and offer a limited number of health care providers. [8]: 10
Meanwhile, lower socioeconomic status groups often have worse health outcomes due to poor access to quality healthcare and financial inability to pay for healthcare. [1] In 2020, South Africa's GINI coefficient was 62.73, the highest of any country, indicating a high-level of income inequality. [5]
Women in Global Health is an organization and a movement [1] that advocates for inclusive gender equity in health [2] by challenging power and privilege. [3] It is the largest community of its kind, with 40 chapters worldwide , working to put the power into the hands women of all backgrounds to create real change across the health sector.
Deliveries in health facilities accounted for about 57 percent of all deliveries, far below the number of women who attend at least one ANC visit. That percentage had risen from 41 percent between 2006 and 2011. [20] Only one-third of women received postnatal care (PCN) in the first two days after delivery.
A high rate of cesarean delivery among obese women has been observed in Sub-Saharan Africa, with rates over 50% in some studies. [5] Prevalence of maternal obesity is high in Djibouti City and is related to an excess risk of cesarean delivery, even after controlling for a range of medical and socioeconomic variables. [4]
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This is compared with 1570.4 in 2008 and 1757.1 in 1990. Approximately 172 children per 1,000 died before the age of 5, and the neonatal mortality rate as a percentage of children under 5 was 26%. In the Central African Republic, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3, and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 27. [26]